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Explorer la gouvernance hybride de l'océan en haute mer pour la mer des Sargasses et le dôme thermal

Le projet de recherche
Résultats attendus

LE PROJET DE RECHERCHE

Le nom du projet SARGADOM est une combinaison de la mer des Sargasses, nommée d’après l’algue flottante Sargassum sur laquelle repose un écosystème océanique diversifié et productif, et du Dôme thermal, un phénomène océanographique caractérisé par des eaux profondes froides et riches en nutriments, qui remontent vers la surface et génèrent une productivité primaire élevée qui permet de maintenir un réseau alimentaire dynamique.

 

Avec SARGADOM, nous voulons améliorer la protection de la biodiversité, maintenir les services écosystémiques dans ces deux zones sensibles de haute mer et faciliter la conception de modèles hybrides de gouvernance de l’océan. Nous pensons que c’est le seul moyen de faire du traité “BBNJ” non pas une simple déclaration de bonne volonté, mais un outil réel et efficace pour gouverner et protéger la haute mer. Nous voulons contribuer aux négociations des Nations Unies, mais surtout, nous voulons être prêts à contribuer à la phase de mise en œuvre du traité “BBNJ”.

La haute mer représente 64% de l’océan mondial. Elle est régie par la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM). Son statut international repose sur deux régimes juridiques distincts : i) les fonds marins situés au-delà du plateau continental, dont les ressources minérales sont régies par l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins en tant que patrimoine commun de l’humanité et ii) la colonne d’eau au-dessus des fonds marins, qui est régie par le principe de la liberté de la haute mer.

Les activités économiques qui s’y déroulent sont régies par les États, sous la responsabilité de l’État du pavillon. Cependant, à ce stade il n’y a pas de fondement juridique international permettant de créer des zones de protection qui soient respectées par tous les utilisateurs. On y invoque souvent le principe de non-appropriation de la haute mer et l’impossibilité pour un État de restreindre l’accès d’une zone à un autre État. La gestion durable de la haute mer pose donc un certain nombre de problèmes majeurs.
La CNUDM fournit un cadre pour la gouvernance des zones situées au-delà des juridictions nationales (ZADJN / BBNJ), cependant, le système existant a été décrit comme un « agenda inachevé ». A ce jour, le cadre juridique international existant et les régimes de gestion existants régionaux et / ou sectoriels sont incomplets et inefficaces. La nécessité de réfléchir à une action globale pour la gouvernance et la gestion de ces zones permettant la prise des mesures de conservation et de gestion ou de limitation des activités humaines s’est posée, est discutée à l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies depuis 2004.

Dans ce contexte, en 2017, après un processus de plus de dix ans, l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies (AGNU) a mis en place une conférence intergouvernementale dont le mandat est de négocier un nouvel instrument international juridiquement contraignant (IIJC) sur la conservation et l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité dans les zones situées au-delà des limites de la juridiction nationale (ZADJN / BBNJ). À la fin du quatrième cycle de négociations en mars 2021, les négociateurs de l’IIJC semblent accepter qu’une certaine forme de structure de gouvernance globale – par le biais d’une Conférence des Parties (COP) – est nécessaire.

Le Dôme thermal et la mer des Sargasses sont deux sites représentatifs de la diversité et de l’importance des écosystèmes de la haute mer. Ils illustrent parfaitement le fait que les limites écologiques (telle l’interconnectivité des écosystèmes) ne correspondent pas aux délimitations juridiques établies par la CNUDM. Il s’agit de formations dynamiques, qui se déplacent, rétrécissent et s’étendent au gré des courants et des vents. Elles se situent principalement au-delà des juridictions nationales, en haute mer, mais peuvent « empiéter » en permanence, régulièrement ou de temps en temps sur des ZEE qui se trouvent sous la souveraineté des États.
La stratégie proposée par le projet consiste à s’appuyer sur une analyse DPSIR (force motrice-pressions-état-impact-réponse) dans chaque site, et d’une analyse de la gouvernance actuelle des deux sites et des améliorations potentielles, qui mèneront à l’élaboration de propositions visant à améliorer la gouvernance et à convenir de l’établissement de mesures de conservation et de gestion appropriées pour les sites. Nous espérons que les résultats de ce travail permettront d’éclairer la mise en œuvre de futurs accords sur d’autres zones de haute mer qui souhaitent concevoir des outils de gestion par zone. Les connaissances acquises appuieront également le développement d’accords et de plans d’action au niveau du Dôme thermal et la mer des Sargasses.

POURQUOI CES DEUX SITES ?

Le Dôme thermal et la mer des Sargasses sont deux écosystèmes uniques qui servent de cas pilotes pour faire progresser la conservation de la haute mer et également à tester et réfléchir au concept de gouvernance hybride, combinant des approches globales et régionales.

 

Ces deux sites ont été choisis en raison de l’état relativement avancé des connaissances sur ces deux écosystèmes de haute mer et de l’implication continue des parties prenantes dans les discussions sur les mécanismes de gouvernance potentiels. D’autres facteurs incluent l’importance écologique particulière de ces zones, la qualité des équipes déjà en place et leur implication au niveau mondial. Pour ces raisons, ils peuvent apporter beaucoup à la discussion sur le traité BBNJ, dont l’efficacité dépendra fortement d’une bonne compréhension des enjeux.

 

 
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Le Dôme thermal

Le Dôme thermal est situé à l’intérieur et au-delà des zones économiques exclusives (ZEE) des pays d’Amérique centrale dans le Pacifique tropical oriental. C’est un phénomène formé par la conjonction des alizés et des courants marins qui entraînent la remontée des eaux profondes, froides et riches en nutriments (upwelling). La thermocline est ainsi « soulevée » jusqu’à une quinzaine de mètres de la surface, lui donnant de par sa forme en cloche, son nom de « dôme ». La taille et la localisation du Dôme thermal sont dynamiques. Sa surface moyenne est de 530 000 km2. Sa zone centrale se situe autour de 9°N et 90°W, à plus de 65 km à l’ouest des frontières des ZEE du Costa Rica et du Nicaragua, c’est-à-dire au-delà de leurs juridictions nationales respectives.

La zone du Dôme thermal ne bénéficie pas d’un cadre fort et établi de gouvernance régionale. Cependant, il faut noter la présence de la Commission centraméricaine sur l’environnement et le développement (CCAD). La CCAD, une organisation appartenant au SICA (Central America Integration System), a été créée en 1989. Son rôle est de mettre en valeur le patrimoine naturel de la région par l’usage raisonnable des ressources et le contrôle de la pollution. A travers son Comité compétent sur les questions marines, elle montre un fort intérêt pour la gouvernance et la gestion du Dôme Thermal. Depuis 2014, l’ONG régionale MarViva, avec le soutien du gouvernement du Costa Rica et d’autres gouvernements d’Amérique centrale, conduit une initiative visant à améliorer la gouvernance du Dôme thermal.

image-section-51-min.png

Mer des Sargasses

S’étendant sur plus de 5 millions de km2, la mer des Sargasses est un écosystème unique situé dans le gyre subtropical de l’Atlantique Nord. Elle tire son nom de deux espèces de macro-algues pélagiques (Sargassum natans et S. fluitans) qui s’y accumulent et forment de vastes tapis et andains constituant la base de l’écosystème de haute mer. Seul l’archipel des Bermudes a une façade côtière directe sur la mer des Sargasses. Cette dernière est bordée par le flux des principaux courants océaniques tels le Gulf Stream et le courant nord-atlantique (limites ouest et nord), le courant des Canaries (limite plus diffuse à l’est), et le courant équatorial nord qui, avec le courant des Antilles, forment la limite sud

Depuis 2010, le projet de la mer des Sargasses, développé en association avec l’UICN et d’autres partenaires et dirigé par le gouvernement des Bermudes, collabore avec un grand nombre de parties prenantes du gouvernement, du monde universitaire et du secteur privé, ainsi que des collaborateurs intéressés, afin d’attirer l’attention de la communauté internationale sur l’importance de l’écosystème de la mer des Sargasses. Il cherche à utiliser les organisations internationales existantes disposant de compétences établies pour mettre en place des mesures de conservation dans la mer des Sargasses, et d’utiliser ce processus comme modèle pour d’autres régions. En 2014, les gouvernements se sont réunis aux Bermudes pour signer la Déclaration de Hamilton sur la collaboration pour la conservation de la mer des Sargasses, qui, en 2022, compte un total de dix gouvernements signataires. Il s’agit d’un accord politique non contraignant entre les gouvernements intéressés situés dans la région élargie de la mer des Sargasses ou ayant un intérêt pour la conservation de la haute mer. La Commission de la mer des Sargasses, un organisme indépendant établi par une déclaration politique, a été décrite comme un nouveau paradigme pour la gouvernance en haute mer.

RÉSULTATS ATTENDUS

Les résultats attendus du projet sont différents pour les deux sites d’étude.

Pour le Dôme thermal, il s’agit de propositions multisectorielles pour la gouvernance et la réglementation de la haute mer, en mettant l’accent sur la pêche et la navigation, qui seront soumises aux parties prenantes des Nations Unies par les gouvernements soutenant le processus. Pour la Commission de la mer des Sargasses, il s’agit d’un programme d’action stratégique soumis à l’approbation des principales parties prenantes, dont les Signataires de la Déclaration de Hamilton.

 

En développant des structures de gouvernance innovantes pour le Dôme thermal et la mer des Sargasses, le projet vise à acquérir des connaissances qui permettront de formuler des recommandations pour d’autres sites ou d’autres futurs accords globaux sur la haute mer en général.

Chiffres clés

A propos de la haute mer

0 %
de l'océan
0 M
d'espèces non identifiées
0 %
des habitats occupés de la Terre
PARTENAIRES

SARGADOM est le résultat d’une collaboration internationale entre des instituts de recherche, des ONG, des gestionnaires de zones marines et des financeurs publics.

Partenaires de mise en oeuvre du projet

Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences

Duke University Marine Lab – Nicholas School of the Environment

Imperial College

Neptune and company

OFB

Avec le soutien de

Fonds français pour l’environnement mondial

Global Fishing Watch

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

University of Edinburgh

Global Environment Facility

  • The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
  • Not so fast! Though the treaty has been signed by almost 70 coutries, it requires 60 RATIFICATIONS to bring it in to force. A state signing the treaty indicates its intent to ratify the treaty later, but it does not compel them to do so. The ratification process can take longer as countries must review and potentially change their national laws to make it compatible with the treaty. The UN fish stocks agreement required 30 ratifications and took 6 years to enter into force, and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea required 60 ratifications and took 12 years to come in to force. With global focus on multilateral cooperation, we sincerely hope that the BBNJ agreement can enter in to force much sooner. The countries that do not ratify the agreement will not be formally bound by it, but further down the line they may find themselves de facto bound by it under customary international law.
  • Tiger sharks are named for their distinctive striped skin, which fades as the shark matures. They can grow to large sizes, commonly reaching 10-13 feet, with some females even reaching 16 feet. Tiger sharks are known for eating a wide variety of prey - including fish, sea birds, sea snakes, dolphins, sea turtles, rays and other sharks - and even terrestrial prey where they can reach them like cats, dogs, and rats. Tiger sharks are also known as garbage eaters - license plates, oil cans and tires have been found in their stomachs. The only known recorded natural predator of tiger sharks are orcas. However, tiger sharks are targeted by humans for their fins, flesh, and liver, leading to their status as a near threatened species. Atlantic tiger shark populations have been shown to migrate, spending their winters in the Caribbean, and summers in the mid-Atlantic, including the Sargasso Sea and Bermuda. The Bermuda Tiger Shark Project has allowed researchers to tag sharks and track their migration, and has revealed that most sharks that visit Bermuda are adult males. Tiger sharks also occur in the Thermal Dome, along with many other notable species, including the endangered hammerhead, and vulnerable thresher shark.
  • Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
  • The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
  • In 2021, Nauru, a small island developing state, triggered "the two-year rule". It is found in a provision of the 1994 Agreement relating to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to this provision, the @isba_hq was required to finalize regulations on the exploitation of seabed mineral resources by July 9, 2023. The procedures to be applied for the two-year rule are still being discussed during these two weeks of negotiations at the #ISA28. What is this rule and what does it mean?
  • From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
  • What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
  • We follow & cover the ongoing #ISA28 negotiations at @isba_hq, and our authors are on-site observers in Kingston with @deepstewardship! Meet the team 👆 #deepsea #deepseamining
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The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
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The #raceforratification is on! The high seas treaty now has 75 signatures, including from the US, Costa Rica, France, UK, the EU and many more. These signatories as well as many others are key supporters for the SARGADOM project. What are the next steps? Now countries must ratify the treaty to reach that critical threshold of 60 ratifications that will bring the treaty into force. A state signing the treaty signifies its intent to ratify, but it does not compel them to do so. Ratification can be a longer process as states must review their laws to make sure they are compatible with the new treaty. We hope that the high ambition coalition will keep the pressure on to ratify this important treaty! Image credits Minna Epps Nichola Clark Kathryn Francis IUCN ocean team
1 jour ago
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1/9
Not so fast! Though the treaty has been signed by almost 70 coutries, it requires 60 RATIFICATIONS to bring it in to force. A state signing the treaty indicates its intent to ratify the treaty later, but it does not compel them to do so. The ratification process can take longer as countries must review and potentially change their national laws to make it compatible with the treaty. The UN fish stocks agreement required 30 ratifications and took 6 years to enter into force, and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea required 60 ratifications and took 12 years to come in to force. With global focus on multilateral cooperation, we sincerely hope that the BBNJ agreement can enter in to force much sooner. The countries that do not ratify the agreement will not be formally bound by it, but further down the line they may find themselves de facto bound by it under customary international law.
@sargadom
@sargadom
•
Follow
Not so fast! Though the treaty has been signed by almost 70 coutries, it requires 60 RATIFICATIONS to bring it in to force. A state signing the treaty indicates its intent to ratify the treaty later, but it does not compel them to do so. The ratification process can take longer as countries must review and potentially change their national laws to make it compatible with the treaty. The UN fish stocks agreement required 30 ratifications and took 6 years to enter into force, and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea required 60 ratifications and took 12 years to come in to force. With global focus on multilateral cooperation, we sincerely hope that the BBNJ agreement can enter in to force much sooner. The countries that do not ratify the agreement will not be formally bound by it, but further down the line they may find themselves de facto bound by it under customary international law.
2 jours ago
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2/9
Tiger sharks are named for their distinctive striped skin, which fades as the shark matures. They can grow to large sizes, commonly reaching 10-13 feet, with some females even reaching 16 feet. Tiger sharks are known for eating a wide variety of prey - including fish, sea birds, sea snakes, dolphins, sea turtles, rays and other sharks - and even terrestrial prey where they can reach them like cats, dogs, and rats. Tiger sharks are also known as garbage eaters - license plates, oil cans and tires have been found in their stomachs. The only known recorded natural predator of tiger sharks are orcas. However, tiger sharks are targeted by humans for their fins, flesh, and liver, leading to their status as a near threatened species. Atlantic tiger shark populations have been shown to migrate, spending their winters in the Caribbean, and summers in the mid-Atlantic, including the Sargasso Sea and Bermuda. The Bermuda Tiger Shark Project has allowed researchers to tag sharks and track their migration, and has revealed that most sharks that visit Bermuda are adult males. Tiger sharks also occur in the Thermal Dome, along with many other notable species, including the endangered hammerhead, and vulnerable thresher shark.
@sargadom
@sargadom
•
Follow
Tiger sharks are named for their distinctive striped skin, which fades as the shark matures. They can grow to large sizes, commonly reaching 10-13 feet, with some females even reaching 16 feet. Tiger sharks are known for eating a wide variety of prey - including fish, sea birds, sea snakes, dolphins, sea turtles, rays and other sharks - and even terrestrial prey where they can reach them like cats, dogs, and rats. Tiger sharks are also known as garbage eaters - license plates, oil cans and tires have been found in their stomachs. The only known recorded natural predator of tiger sharks are orcas. However, tiger sharks are targeted by humans for their fins, flesh, and liver, leading to their status as a near threatened species. Atlantic tiger shark populations have been shown to migrate, spending their winters in the Caribbean, and summers in the mid-Atlantic, including the Sargasso Sea and Bermuda. The Bermuda Tiger Shark Project has allowed researchers to tag sharks and track their migration, and has revealed that most sharks that visit Bermuda are adult males. Tiger sharks also occur in the Thermal Dome, along with many other notable species, including the endangered hammerhead, and vulnerable thresher shark.
1 mois ago
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3/9
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
@sargadom
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•
Follow
Ahead of this meeting of the #ISA28 Council at @@isba_hq, an international opposition composed of players from all fields has formed against the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Scientists, NGOs, governments and companies have called on the international community to take political action to delay the exploitation of these resources as long as there are scientific uncertainties about their environmental impact. What are the positions of these stakeholders, and what political action are they calling for? #deepseamining
2 mois ago
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4/9
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
@sargadom
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Follow
The precautionary principle is a well-established element of international law, which requires a precautionary approach to environmental issues when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative impacts of an activity. It is part of a system of rules designed to guide States' decision-making towards the goal of environmentally sustainable development. Thus, this principle is particularly relevant to questions of seabed mining. Find out more about the precautionary principle and why is it being requested in negotiations on seabed mining! 👆 #DeepSeaMining #PrecautionaryPrinciple
2 mois ago
View on Instagram |
5/9
In 2021, Nauru, a small island developing state, triggered "the two-year rule". It is found in a provision of the 1994 Agreement relating to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to this provision, the @isba_hq was required to finalize regulations on the exploitation of seabed mineral resources by July 9, 2023. The procedures to be applied for the two-year rule are still being discussed during these two weeks of negotiations at the #ISA28. What is this rule and what does it mean?
In 2021, Nauru, a small island developing state, triggered "the two-year rule". It is found in a provision of the 1994 Agreement relating to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to this provision, the @isba_hq was required to finalize regulations on the exploitation of seabed mineral resources by July 9, 2023. The procedures to be applied for the two-year rule are still being discussed during these two weeks of negotiations at the #ISA28. What is this rule and what does it mean?
In 2021, Nauru, a small island developing state, triggered "the two-year rule". It is found in a provision of the 1994 Agreement relating to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to this provision, the @isba_hq was required to finalize regulations on the exploitation of seabed mineral resources by July 9, 2023. The procedures to be applied for the two-year rule are still being discussed during these two weeks of negotiations at the #ISA28. What is this rule and what does it mean?
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In 2021, Nauru, a small island developing state, triggered "the two-year rule". It is found in a provision of the 1994 Agreement relating to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to this provision, the @isba_hq was required to finalize regulations on the exploitation of seabed mineral resources by July 9, 2023. The procedures to be applied for the two-year rule are still being discussed during these two weeks of negotiations at the #ISA28. What is this rule and what does it mean?
2 mois ago
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6/9
From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
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From 2000 to 2013, the @isba_hq drew up regulations on prospecting and exploration for deep-sea minerals for each of the three resources currently explored in the deep sea: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. In accordance with the procedure laid down in these regulations, exploration contracts were awarded to contractors (states and state-sponsored private companies) for an initial term of 15 years. What are these coveted resources that are the subject of the current #ISA28 negotiations?
2 mois ago
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7/9
What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
@sargadom
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Follow
What is the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle, and how it works in the context of the #ISA28? The notion of the Common Heritage of Mankind was introduced at the United Nations in 1970, and was later given legal expression in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Under the UNCLOS, the mineral resources of the "Area" constitute the Common Heritage of Mankind. As such, no single state can appropriate these resources, and their exploitation must be carried out in the name and for the benefit of humanity as a whole. In contrast, coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of their resources. During this #ISA28 meeting, delegates are invited to remain flexible and try to reach consensus, to continue to make progress on the draft Mining Code, particularly on the provisions relating to the sharing of benefits arising from the exploitation of seabed mineral resources. Stay tuned for more infos on what's happening at the @isba_hq Seabed Authority and what's at stake in seabed mining!
2 mois ago
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8/9
We follow & cover the ongoing #ISA28 negotiations at @isba_hq, and our authors are on-site observers in Kingston with @deepstewardship! Meet the team 👆 #deepsea #deepseamining
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We follow & cover the ongoing #ISA28 negotiations at @isba_hq, and our authors are on-site observers in Kingston with @deepstewardship! Meet the team 👆 #deepsea #deepseamining
2 mois ago
View on Instagram |
9/9
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